E-Governance Implementation In Nepal: Challenges, Frameworks, And The Path Forward

Abstract

E-Governance, the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in government operations, aims to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and transparency of public services. Despite global advancements, Nepal continues to face significant challenges in implementing e-governance due to inadequate infrastructure, digital illiteracy, political instability, and institutional resistance. This paper evaluates Nepal's current status in e-governance through global benchmarks such as the UN E-Government Development Index (EGDI), analyzes existing implementation barriers, and presents a conceptual framework tailored for Nepal. The framework emphasizes ICT infrastructure, legal-political support, human capacity building, and stakeholder engagement. Special attention is given to the transformative potential of mobile governance in Nepal's rural areas. Recommendations are derived from comparative UN surveys and case studies to offer a strategic roadmap for inclusive digital governance in Nepal.