Advancements in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Innovative Applications of Zeolites

Abstract

Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with well-defined structures containing aluminium, silicon, and oxygen in their framework. They find diverse applications in catalysis, ion exchange, and adsorption processes. This comprehensive study explores recent advancements in zeolite synthesis using natural raw materials such as kaolin, bentonite, coal fly ash, and biomass ashes. The paper presents detailed experimental procedures for hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis methods, along with in-depth characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the study investigates the application of synthesized zeolites in ion exchange processes, focusing on the removal of heavy metals from water samples collected during different seasons. The results demonstrate the successful synthesis of various zeolite phases with high crystallinity and well-defined pore structures. Ion exchange experiments reveal high adsorption capacities for Pb2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ ions, with consistent performance across seasonal variations in water chemistry. This research highlights the potential of using low-cost natural raw materials for zeolite synthesis, offering sustainable solutions for environmental remediation and resource recovery.