Analysis of Electrical Interconnection Strategies in Vertical Solar Brick Walls under Partial Shading Conditions for BIPV Applications

Abstract

The incorporation of solar bricks into vertical wall structures presents a practical approach for the architectural integration of photovoltaic systems within Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) applications. Nonetheless, the presence of shading, whether originating from adjacent structures, self-shading phenomena, or dynamic elements, can substantially diminish both energy production and the stability of the system. This research conducts a simulation-based evaluation of diverse interconnection schemes for a vertical solar brick wall, aiming to elucidate the electrical implications of partial shading on these products. A comprehensive model of a modular photovoltaic unit at the brick scale was developed and configured into a system including sixteen interconnected bricks. Within a simulation environment, various interconnection topologies were executed, and representative shading patterns were applied for morning, noon, and afternoon conditions. Essential performance indicators, including current uniformity across connections, power output, and mismatch losses, were assessed under distinct shading scenarios. The findings indicate that diverse interconnection configurations show proper responses to partial shading, with those allowing a fairer distribution of current proving superior stability and reduced susceptibility to electrical losses among solar bricks. Moreover, control strategies based on real-time voltage and current monitoring at the brick level were seen to ease recovery after partial shadow exposure. These results inform the interconnection designs for vertical solar brick facades, thereby enabling the advancement of high-performance and dependable building integrated photovoltaic systems.