Model-Based Evaluation of Li–NCM Battery Performance for Environmentally Resilient Energy Systems

Abstract

This research is to thoroughly investigate the design and operational behaviour of lithium-ion cells that utilize Nickel Cobalt Manganese (Li–NCM) as the cathode material. These types of batteries are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary energy systems, where consistent performance, thermal stability, and energy efficiency are critical. To meet the growing demand for safer and more sustainable energy storage, this study adopts a detailed, simulation-based approach to optimize and evaluate cell performance under practical cycling conditions.Using Battery Design Studio as the modelling platform, the study begins with a structured design of the battery cell, including the selection and specification of electrode geometry, electrolyte blends, separator characteristics, and packaging configuration. The model integrates both electrical (RCRTable3D equivalent-circuit) and thermal domains to capture the cell’s response during typical charge–discharge cycles. These simulations are carried out at a controlled ambient temperature of 25 °C, with forced convection cooling set at 100 W/m²·K to mimic field-like thermal behaviour. Special attention is given to the materials used in the construction of the cell—such as NCM cathodes, graphite anodes, custom electrolyte formulations, and layered casings—to examine how each element influences overall cell behaviour. Key performance metrics, including voltage consistency, temperature rise, capacity retention, and energy output, are analysed. The ultimate objective is to derive insights that contribute to more robust, efficient, and environmentally sound battery systems suitable for future energy and mobility applications.