Synergistic Approach To Derive Green Fuels From Co2 And Their Mapping With Sdgs

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable energy alternatives has led to extensive research into utilizing carbon dioxide as a raw material for producing green fuels. A comprehensive and sustainable strategy combines various advanced technologies including thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and bioconversion technologies to effectively convert CO₂ into renewable energy carriers such as methane, methanol, ethanol, syngas, and long-chain hydrocarbons. By integrating these complementary techniques, this approach enhances energy efficiency, increases fuel yield, and reduces environmental impact. Significant advancements in this field include thermocatalytic hydrogenation, where CO₂ reacts with renewable hydrogen to synthesize fuels, and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, which uses renewable electricity to generate carbon-based energy sources. Photocatalysis capitalizes on solar energy to facilitate CO₂ reduction, while biological conversion employs genetically modified microorganisms and algae to produce biofuels. The seamless integration of these methods, coupled with renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, presents a viable pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality. This review examines recent breakthroughs in CO₂-to-fuel conversion, with a focus on catalyst innovation, process enhancement, and system integration. It also addresses key challenges associated with large-scale implementation, such as high energy consumption, catalyst degradation, and economic viability. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this research underscores how the convergence of advanced technologies can provide a sustainable and scalable solution for mitigating CO₂ emissions and accelerating the transition to a cleaner energy future.