From Toxic Trash to Green Governance: Legal and Policy Dimensions of E-Waste Regulation in India

Abstract

The exponential rise in electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. India, as the world’s third-largest e-waste generator, faces complex regulatory, infrastructural, and socio-economic hurdles in managing this toxic stream. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s evolving legal framework governing e-waste management, tracing its development from the 2011 Rules to the landmark E-waste (Management) Rules, 2022 and its recent amendments. It critically examines the efficacy of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regime, evaluates the persistent dominance of the informal sector, and identifies systemic gaps in enforcement, infrastructure, and public awareness. Drawing upon policy reports, legal instruments, and empirical estimates, the study reveals that despite regulatory advances, formal recycling processes account for less than half of total e-waste management. The paper illustrates key compliance gaps and environmental risks posed by informal recycling methods. In conclusion, the paper proposes a multi-pronged approach encompassing stronger enforcement, sectoral formalization, public education, and investment in green technologies to achieve a more sustainable, inclusive, and effective e-waste governance framework in India.