A Comprehensive Review, Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Journey Through Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Management, And Future Perspectives

Abstract

About 6000 new cases of epithelial ovarian cancer are detected in the UK yearly, making it the most fatal gynecological cancer among women internationally. Although most women respond well to treatment in the beginning, most recur after presenting with severe disease. The 5-year survival rate is 47% generally, while for women with severe illness, it lowers to approximately 29%. In current randomized trials, CA125,transvaginal sonography, and the tumor indicator are being studied for screening reasons.The management of ovarian cancer comprises a multidisciplinary team and is contingent upon the clinical stage of the disease.Adjuvant chemotherapy, as well as pelvic clearance, are required for the majority of patients.The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) has updated its instructions,stating that paclitaxel or a platinum-based regimen should be a part of first-line chemotherapy.Although ovarian cancer, which has relapsed,is fatal,treatment can extend survival and enhance the standard of life.Recent clinical research examines gene therapy,immunotherapy,and signal transduction blockers as potential treatments for ovarian cancer.Studies have shown that as people age, their ovaries' cells experience metabolic changes, diminished DNA repair,mitochondrial failure,and epigenetic modifications.With almost 90% of cases, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC) is the most prevalent kind of epithelial ovarian cancer. Ineffective wound healing or fallopian tube cancers may be part of its etiology.Malignant ascites indicate a terrible prognosis.Tumor metastasis, chemoresistance, and tumor formation are all encouraged by the disease's microenvironment, which includes immune cells and tumor-associated fibroblasts.This work analyzes research on pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and available ovarian epithelial cancer treatments.